You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack: Sensation Seeking & Its Correlates

You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack: Sensation Seeking & Its Correlates


Sensation Seeking in Different Populations 


Sensation seeking is a psychological trait which reflects the degree to which individuals have a need for variety, novelty, and complex & intense sensations and experiences, and social & physical risk taking in pursuit of these experiences (Arnett 1993). Sensation seeking is elevated in storm chasers (Xu et al. 2012), scientists (Mian & Kay 2003), drug users (Pedersen 1991), people who enjoy horror movies (Edwards 1984), people who enjoy fire and fireworks (Perrin-Wallqvist & Norlander 2003)(Cheng et al. 2015), rock and hip hop musicians (Miller & Quigley 2011), criminals (Young 1990), people with unusual sexual interests (Dawson et al. 2019), entrepreneurs (Nicolaou et al. 2010), people who enjoy dark humor (Carretero-Dios & Ruch 2010), visual artists (Jashvaghani et al. 2012), people who engage in risky or casual sex (Charnigo et al. 2012), gamblers (Myrseth et al. 2012), skydivers (Myrseth et al. 2012), people who speed in vehicles (Yildirim-Yenier et al. 2016), body builders (Murtaza et al. 2011), people who play video games (Jensen et al. 2010), and people who break rules in school (Jensen et al. 2010). 


Sensation Seeking, Personality, and Neurobiology


Sensation seeking is associated with high extraversion, high openness, and low conscientiousness (Del Giudice et al. 2014)(Dahlen & White 2006)(Mann et al. 2018)(de Vries et al. 2009). Sensation seeking is also associated with higher intelligence (Hromatko & Butkovic 2009)(Kish & Busse 1968)(Raine et al. 2002). It also is associated with multiple mental disorders, high sensation seeking being associated with schizotypy (Del Giudice et al. 2014), primary & secondary psychopathy (van Dongen et al. 2022), borderline personality (Bandelow et al. 2010), bipolar disorder (Cronin & Zuckerman 1992), narcissism (Emmons 1981), adhd (Garland 1999), and eating disorders - except for restrictive anorexia (Rossier et al. 2000). Sensation seeking is reduced in autism (Del Giudice et al. 2014), and obsessive compulsive personality disorder (Hertler 2015). Sensation seekers are found to have higher levels of dopamine (Norbury & Husain 2015), though low dopamine can also lead to sensation seeking (Yildirim 2016), as well as deficient opioid function (Cloudfindings 2024)(Bandelow et al. 2010). Low serotonin is also associated with sensation seeking (Netter et al. 2008), as is higher testosterone (Campbell et al. 2010)(Perini et al. 2012)(Aluja & Garcia 2005), and lower cortisol (Rosenblitt et al. 2010). 


1. Xu et al. (2012) Sensation‐seeking attributes associated with storm‐chasing tourists: Implications for future engagement

2. Mian & Kay (2003) A comparison of sensation‐seeking between dental and biological science students

3. Pedersen (1991) Mental health, sensation seeking and drug use patterns: a longitudinal study

4. Edwards (1984) The Relationship Between Sensation-Seeking and Horror Movie Interest and Attendance (Zuckerman)

5. Perrin‐Wallqvist & Norlander (2003) Firesetting and playing with fire during childhood and adolescence: Interview studies of 18‐year‐old male draftees and 18− 19‐year‐old female pupils

6. Cheng et al. (2015) The mediating effect of situation involvement of novelty seeking and satisfaction for Yanshuei Fireworks Festival in Taiwan

7. Miller & Quigley (2011) Sensation-seeking, performance genres and substance use among musicians

8. Young (1990) Sensation seeking and self-reported criminality among student-athletes

9. Dawson et al. (2016) Paraphilic Interests: An Examination of Sex Differences in a Nonclinical Sample

10. Nicolaou et al. (2010) A polymorphism associated with entrepreneurship: evidence from dopamine receptor candidate genes

11. Carretero-Dios & Ruch (2010) Humor appreciation and sensation seeking: Invariance of findings across culture and assessment instrument?

12. Jeshvaghani et al. (2012) The Comparison of Sensation Seeking among Musicians, Visual, and Dramatic Artists

13. Charnigo et al. (2012) Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity: Combined Associations with Risky Sexual Behavior in a Large Sample of Young Adults

14. Myrseth et al. (2012) A comparison of impulsivity and sensation seeking in pathological gamblers and skydivers

15. Yildirim-Yenier et al. (2016) Relationships between thrill seeking, speeding attitudes, and driving violations among a sample of motorsports spectators and drivers

16. Murtaza et al. (2011) Psychological Evaluation of Sensation Seeking and Anxiety State among Bodybuilders and Weight Lifters

17. Jensen et al. (2010) Developing a Brief Sensation Seeking Scale for Children: Establishing Concurrent Validity With Video Game Use and Rule-Breaking Behavior

18. Arnett (1993) Sensation Seeking: A New Conceptualization And A New Scale 

19. Del Giudice et al. (2014) Autistic-like and schizotypal traits in a life history perspective: Diametrical associations with impulsivity, sensation seeking, and sociosexual behavior

20. Dahlen & White (2006) The Big Five factors, sensation seeking, and driving anger

in the prediction of unsafe driving

21. Mann et al. (2018) Sensation seeking and impulsive traits as personality endophenotypes for antisocial behavior: Evidence from two independent samples

22. de Vries et al. (2009) Sensation seeking, risk-taking, and the HEXACO model of personality

23. van Dongen et al. (2022) Sensation seeking and its relationship with psychopathic traits, impulsivity and aggression: a validation of the Dutch Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS)

24. Bandelow et al. (2010) Borderline Personality Disorder: A Dysregulation of the Endogenous Opioid System?

25. Cronin & Zuckerman et al. (1992) Sensation seeking and bipolar affective disorder

26. Emmons et al. (1981) Relationship between Narcissism and Sensation Seeking

27. Garland (1999) The relationship between the diagnosis of ADHD in adults, gender and sensation seeking

28. Rossier et al. (2000) Sensation seeking: a personality trait characteristic of adolescent girls and young women with eating disorders?

29. Hertler (2015) The Evolutionary Logic of the Obsessive Trait Complex: Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder as a Complementary Behavioral Syndrome

30. Norbury & Husain (2015) Sensation-seeking: Dopaminergic modulation and risk for

psychopathology

31. Yildirim (2016) A treatise on secondary psychopathy: Psychobiological pathways to

severe antisociality

32. Cloudfindings (2024) The Opioid Deficit Model of Borderline Personality: Opioid hypersensitivity explains borderline attachment, splitting, and euphoria

33. Netter et al. (2008) Serotonin and Dopamine as Mediators of Sensation Seeking Behavior

34. Campbell et al. (2010) Testosterone exposure, dopaminergic reward, and sensation-seeking in young men

35. Perini et al. (2012) Sensation seeking in fathers: The impact on testosterone and paternal investment

36. Aluja & Garcia (2005) Sensation Seeking, Sexual Curiosity and Testosterone in Inmates

37. Rosenblitt et al. (2001) Sensation Seeking and Hormones in Men and Women: Exploring the Link

38. Hromatko & Butkovic (2009) Sensation Seeking and Spatial Ability in Athletes:  

an Evolutionary Account

39. Kish & Busse (1968) Correlates of stimulus-seeking: Age, education, intelligence, and aptitudes.

40. Raine et al. (2002) Stimulation seeking and intelligence: A prospective longitudinal study.

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